{"id":5623,"date":"2017-10-25T13:09:07","date_gmt":"2017-10-25T10:09:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/anticorr.media\/?p=5623"},"modified":"2021-07-20T17:21:23","modified_gmt":"2021-07-20T14:21:23","slug":"politicheskaya-korrupciya-prichina-banditskix-razborok-v-centralnoj-amerike-i-ssha","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/anticorr.media\/en\/politicheskaya-korrupciya-prichina-banditskix-razborok-v-centralnoj-amerike-i-ssha\/","title":{"rendered":"How Political Corruption Fuels Gang Violence In Central America"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This material belongs to: <a href=\"https:\/\/psmag.com\/news\/political-corruption-and-gang-violence-in-central-america\">Pacific Standard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Behind the devastating crime rates in the region lies an insidious network of political collaboration with violent gangs like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MS-13\">MS-13<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Is\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.insightcrime.org\/el-salvador-organized-crime-news\/mara-salvatrucha-ms-13-profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mara Salvatrucha<\/a>, the Salvadoran youth gang menacing residents in some United States cities, really America&#8217;s public enemy No. 1?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>After months of boasting that it would &#8220;<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2017\/07\/28\/politics\/donald-trump-ms-13\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">destroy<\/a>&#8221; MS-13, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabinet_of_Donald_Trump\">Trump administration<\/a> has now declared the group a\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/speech\/attorney-general-jeff-sessions-delivers-remarks-las-vegas-federal-state-and-local-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top crime-fighting priority<\/a>. U.S. Attorney General <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Sessions\">Jeff Sessions<\/a> has instructed the Department of Justice to go all out combating it domestically, and Cabinet officials have\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/nation\/la-fg-trump-latin-america-20170614-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">encouraged the Central American counterparts<\/a>\u00a0to do the same.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In my opinion, the group has become the perfect <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Trump\">Donald Trump<\/a> villain not necessarily because of its\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/united-states\/21725814-gang-members-often-want-join-one-most-fearsome-reputation-federal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heinous and highly visible<\/a>\u00a0crimes, but because its Central American roots\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/fact-checker\/wp\/2017\/06\/26\/president-trumps-claim-that-ms-13-gang-members-are-being-deported-by-the-thousands\/?utm_term=.afb3062587af\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">play well<\/a>\u00a0into this administration&#8217;s\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/thehill.com\/latino\/355654-trump-doubles-down-on-tough-immigration-proposals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anti-immigration stance<\/a>.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"ru\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">In Long Island, Trump to highlight violence from MS-13 gang to push Congress on immigration <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/zPst8sdAcJ\">https:\/\/t.co\/zPst8sdAcJ<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Washington Post (@washingtonpost) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/washingtonpost\/status\/890942700752654336?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">28 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 2017 \u0433.<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>In dragging Central America into a renewed war on youth gangs, the U.S. is reinforcing an errant but widely held belief that\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.insightcrime.org\/news-analysis\/7-things-trump-administration-wrong-ms13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MS-13 and organized crime are Central America&#8217;s most pressing problems<\/a>. I&#8217;ve studied violence and crime in the region for more than 20 years, and while gangs are a serious problem, they&#8217;re largely a symptom of a far more critical issue plaguing the region\u2014namely,\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.insightcrime.org\/news-briefs\/corruption-index-shows-mixed-picture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">corruption<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Unraveling The Gang Myth<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MS-13\">Mara Salvatrucha<\/a> and other criminal groups certainly\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/row\/RL34112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contribute<\/a>\u00a0to the record high crime rates in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Salvador\">El Salvador<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honduras\">Honduras<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guatemala\">Guatemala<\/a>. Transnational gangs have also instilled fear in some U.S. communities. In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_Island\">Long Island<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia\">Virginia<\/a>, for example, MS-13 has been behind\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/07\/19\/nyregion\/long-island-ms-13-gang-killings-arrests.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of gruesome killings<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As part of his anti-immigrant posturing, Trump has zeroed in on the group, asserting\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2017\/07\/28\/politics\/donald-trump-ms-13\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on July 28th<\/a>\u00a0that, &#8220;We will find you, we will arrest you, we will jail you and we will deport you.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>This strategy of suppression\u2014which targets mainly low-level players,\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/patch.com\/new-york\/northfork\/ms-13-inside-look-brutal-gang-long-island-insidious-spread-sleepy-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many of them teenagers<\/a>\u2014is unlikely to address the crime problem in Central America. In deporting MS-13 members, the president is simply\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/the_americas\/trump-wants-to-deport-ms-13-gang-members-el-salvador-is-dreading-their-return\/2017\/05\/24\/1e0ec5ae-39bf-11e7-a59b-26e0451a96fd_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">providing seasoned recruits to Central American gangs<\/a>, which have grown and thrived largely because the region&#8217;s political class protects them.<\/p>\n<h3>Strange Bedfellows<\/h3>\n<p>The most revealing case of the nexus between corruption and organized crime is El Salvador, home turf of MS-13 and\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/blogs\/graphicdetail\/2017\/03\/daily-chart-23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">of the world&#8217;s highest homicide rates<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In August, prosecutors there showed that El Salvador&#8217;s two main political parties\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/elfaro.net\/es\/201708\/salanegra\/20737\/Relato-de-un-fraude-electoral-narrado-por-un-pandillero.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">had colluded with MS-13 and other gangs<\/a>, paying them more than $300,000 for help winning the country&#8217;s 2014 presidential election. Party officials allegedly utilized MS-13 to mobilize some voters and suppress others. Still, the attorney general&#8217;s office has not indicted party leaders.<\/p>\n<p>Impunity has also undermined criminal justice in\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2017\/05\/30\/when-corruption-is-operating-system-case-of-honduras-pub-69999\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Honduras<\/a>. A Honduran drug cartel kingpin\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/10\/06\/world\/americas\/after-78-killings-a-honduran-drug-lord-rivera-partners-with-us.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently told U.S. prosecutors that<\/a>\u00a0drug money had financed past presidential campaigns there and may have helped President <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan_Orlando_Hern%C3%A1ndez\">Juan Orlando Hern\u00e1ndez<\/a> into power in 2014. To date,\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.insightcrime.org\/news-briefs\/honduran-president-denies-bribery-allegations-drug-trafficker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no official probe<\/a>\u00a0has been launched to investigate the alleged links between the current president and Honduran criminal organizations.<\/p>\n<p>Amid such visible impunity,\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.insightcrime.org\/investigations\/guatemala-elites-and-organized-crime-series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guatemala<\/a>\u00a0in some ways stands out. It has had two successive incorruptible attorneys general dedicated to fighting\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/nobelwomensinitiative.org\/spotlighting-claudia-paz-y-paz-guatemala\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the country&#8217;s systemic corruption<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The current attorney general of Guatemala, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thelma_Aldana\">Thelma Aldana<\/a>, has tackled the issue head on with the help of the\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/undpa\/en\/americas\/cicig\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala<\/a>, a United Nations-supported body aimed at helping the criminal justice system take up tough crimes\u2014including high-level corruption. The team has had some success in prosecuting powerful politicians, including\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.insightcrime.org\/news-analysis\/guatemala-s-government-corruption-scandals-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">former President Otto Perez Molina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But its efforts are now being hampered by President <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jimmy_Morales\">Jimmy Morales<\/a>, who has\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/08\/27\/world\/americas\/jimmy-morales-guatemala-corruption.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made repeated attempts<\/a>\u00a0to expel the commission&#8217;s head, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iv%C3%A1n_Vel%C3%A1squez_G%C3%B3mez\">Iv\u00e1n Vel\u00e1squez<\/a>, from the country.<\/p>\n<p>Many\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/monkey-cage\/wp\/2017\/09\/06\/guatemalas-president-tried-to-shut-down-a-u-n-commission-that-announced-it-was-investigating-him\/?utm_term=.123c39f50f99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">observers<\/a>\u00a0believe that these attacks are intended to quell corruption investigations against Morales and his inner circle.<\/p>\n<h3>The Real Problem<\/h3>\n<p>According to a\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vanderbilt.edu\/lapop\/ab2016\/AB2016-17_Comparative_Report_English_V2_FINAL_090117_W.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study<\/a>\u00a0by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanderbilt_University\">Vanderbilt University<\/a>, a majority of Guatemalans, Hondurans, and Salvadorans believe that most of their politicians are corrupt.<\/p>\n<p>Citizen distrust, in turn, makes it harder to fight crime and uphold the rule of law. In Central America, so many people are ready to bypass the law to tackle violence that vigilantism and extrajudicial violence have themselves become major\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/feb\/06\/el-salvador-gangs-police-violence-distrito-italia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">causes<\/a>\u00a0of violence.<\/p>\n<p>As a result, corruption in Central America has shattered most efforts to build the kinds of criminal justice institutions necessary to support a democratic society.<\/p>\n<p>The Trump administration, however, has opted to renew failed\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/www.insightcrime.org\/news-analysis\/us-reverses-course-central-america-heavy-handed-drug-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law enforcement policies<\/a>\u00a0to tackle the problem of transnational gangs in the region. After homicide rates and gangs spun out of control in the mid-2000s, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama\">Obama administration<\/a> largely\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/the-press-office\/2016\/01\/15\/fact-sheet-united-states-and-central-america-honoring-our-commitments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abandoned heavy-handed policies<\/a>\u00a0in favor of a more\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/j\/inl\/rls\/fs\/2017\/260869.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comprehensive approach to foreign security aid<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In a September\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/fiusipa\/videos\/vb.202158559200\/10155868612514201\/?type=2&#038;theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">joint meeting<\/a>\u00a0of Central American attorneys general with the U.S. Department of Justice, held at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florida_International_University\">Florida International University<\/a>, American authorities praised a recent coordinated anti-gang effort. Some 3,800 Central American gang members\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/3800-gang-members-charged-operation-spanning-united-states-and-central-america\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were charged<\/a>\u00a0with murders, racketeering, and other serious crimes, in both the U.S. and Central America.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-A not-size-B\">\n<div class=\"m-in-content-ad not-size-A not-size-B is-loaded is-728x90\" data-class-rules=\"[{\" data-max-ad-reloads=\"5\">\n<p>The attorney general of El Salvador, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/worldviews\/wp\/2016\/05\/30\/el-salvadors-new-attorney-general-is-the-point-man-in-the-war-against-gangs\/?utm_term=.b29ff2a3ee2b\">Douglas Mel\u00e9ndez<\/a>, also celebrated the capture of hundreds of gang members in his country. But he said nothing about his office&#8217;s inaction vis-a-vis the party leaders accused of conspiring with those same gangs.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"ru\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">96.9% of Salvadorans support the creation of an international commission against corruption in <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/ElSalvador?src=hash&#038;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ElSalvador<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/oosZMLZ4qg\">https:\/\/t.co\/oosZMLZ4qg<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Adriana Beltran (@Adriana_WOLA) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Adriana_WOLA\/status\/756186395992006656?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">21 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 2016 \u0433.<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The whole idea that the U.S. government can make America safer by getting tough on crime in Central America is\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/central-american-gangs-like-ms-13-were-born-out-of-failed-anti-crime-policies-76554\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">questionable<\/a>. But if the Trump administration wants to try, it should at least start at the top.<\/p>\n<p>Political institutions in the grip of organized crime use their power to erode\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1548-2456.2011.00132.x\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the democratic rule of law<\/a>\u00a0in the region. They shield criminal organizations in exchange for economic support and political backing in gang-controlled barrios.<\/p>\n<p>Root out corruption in the Central American ruling class, and the gangs and crooks will go down with it.<\/p>\n<p><em>This article was originally published on\u00a0<\/em><a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The Conversation<\/em><\/a><em>. Read the\u00a0<a class=\"ng-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/in-central-america-gangs-like-ms-13-are-bad-but-corrupt-politicians-may-be-worse-86113\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><em>\u00a0Jose Miguel Cruz is a director of research at Florida International University.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This material belongs to: Pacific Standard. Behind the devastating crime rates in the region lies an insidious network of political collaboration with violent gangs like MS-13. Is\u00a0Mara Salvatrucha, the Salvadoran youth gang menacing residents in some United States cities, really America&#8217;s public enemy No. 1? After months of boasting that it would &#8220;destroy&#8221; MS-13, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5625,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[60,3,38],"tags":[58,64,93,71,121,209,299,79,62,104,199,76,118,63,216,105,78,153],"class_list":["post-5623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mnenie-eksperta","category-review","category-investigation","tag-politiki","tag-antikorrupcionnaya-politika","tag-borba-s-korrupciej","tag-vzyatka","tag-vymogatelstvo","tag-gvatemala","tag-gonduras","tag-gossluzhashhie","tag-korrupciya","tag-korrupciya-v-politike","tag-korrupciya-v-policii","tag-moshennichestvo","tag-politicheskaya-korrupciya","tag-protivodejstvie-korrupcii","tag-salvador","tag-ssha","tag-chinovniki","tag-ekonomicheskaya-korrupciya","has-thumb"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["ru","en"],"languages":{"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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